Genetics (borrowed from Dutch: genetica, adaptation of the English language: genetics, formed from the Greek word γέννω, genno, which means "birth") is a branch of biology that studies heredity and suborganisme in organisms (such as viruses and prions). In short, we can also say that genetics is the study of genes and all its aspects. The term "genetics" was introduced by William Bateson in a personal letter to Adam Chadwick, and he used it at the International Conference on Genetics to-3 in 1906.

The field study started from the subcellular genetic (molecular) to the population. In more detail, trying to explain genetics

    * Material information carriers to be inherited (genetic material),
    * How the information was overexpressed (genetic expression), and
    * How the information is transferred from one individual to another (genetic inheritance).
Table of contents
 [Hide]

    * 1 The beginning and the basic concepts
          o 1.1 The period of pre-Mendelian
          o 1.2 The basic concepts
          o 1.3 The chronology of the development of genetics
    * 2 Branches of Genetics
          2.1 Genetics and forth direction (reverse genetics)
    * 3 References
[Edit] Beginning and basic concepts[Edit] The period of pre-Mendelian
Although people usually define genetics began with the rediscovery of the manuscript articles written Gregor Mendel in 1900, actually genetics as "the science of inheritance" or heredity has been known since prehistoric times, such as the domestication and development of the various races of livestock and crop cultivars. People also are familiar with the effects of crossbreeding and inbreeding, and made a number of procedures and regulations on the matter since before genetic standing as an independent science. The genealogy of the disease in the family, for example, has studied people before that. However, practical knowledge does not provide an explanation of the causes of these symptoms.
Popular theory of inheritance adopted at that time was the theory of mixed inheritance: the average person passing a mixture of qualities that brought tetuanya, especially as it carries sperm from the male. Mendel's research results show that this theory does not apply because the properties were taken in a combination of alleles carried the typical, rather than the mixture evenly. Other relevant opinion is Lamarck's theory: the properties acquired elders in his life bequeathed to his son. This theory is also broken by Mendel's explanation that the properties are not influenced by genes carried by an individual who experiences it inherited trait [1]. Charles Darwin also gave an explanation to the hypothesis of pangenesis and later modified by Francis Galton [2]. In this opinion, the body's cells produce particles called gemmula which will be collected in the reproductive organs before fertilization occurs. Thus, every cell in the body has a contribution to the properties that will be taken zuriat (offspring).

In the pre-Mendelian, people are not familiar with the genes and chromosomes (although DNA has been extracted, but in the 19th century unknown function). At that time people thought the trait is inherited through the sperm (female elders do not contribute anything to the nature of his son).[Edit] The basic concept

Laying a scientific basis through a new systematic experiments carried out in the latter half of the 19th century by Gregor Johann Mendel. He was a monk of Brno (Brünn in German), Austro-Hungarian Empire (now part of the Czech Republic). Mendel generally agreed upon as the 'founder of genetics' after his "über Versuche Pflanzenhybriden" or the Trial of a Plant Crosses (print published in 1866) independently rediscovered by Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak in 1900. In his work, Mendel first discovered that the inheritance of traits in plants (he uses the seven traits in pea plants, Pisum sativum) following a number of simple mathematical ratio. More important, he can explain how the ratio-ratio of this case, through what is known as the 'Laws of Inheritance Mendel'.
From this work, people began to recognize the concept of the gene (Mendel called "factors"). Genes are hereditary. Allele is an alternative expression of genes in association with a trait. Each individual disomik always have a pair of alleles, which corresponds to a typical trait, each derived from tetuanya. Status of the pair of alleles is called genotype. If an individual has the same pair of alleles, genotypes of individuals were homozygous genotype, if the partner is different, the individual genotypes in heterozygous state. Genotypes associated with the observed properties. Properties associated with a genotype is called phenotype.[Edit] Chronology of developmental genetics
After the discovery of re-work of Mendel, genetics is growing very rapidly. Developmental genetics is often a classic example of the use of scientific method in science or science.
Here are the phases of the development of genetics:

    * 1859 Charles Darwin published The Origin of Species, as the basis of genetic variation.;
    * 1865 Gregor Mendel's Experiments submit manuscripts on Plant Crosses;
    * 1878 E. Strassburger provide an explanation of double fertilization;
    * 1900 The rediscovery of Mendel's work separately by Hugo de Vries (Belgium), Carl Correns (Germany), and Erich von Tschermak (Austro-Hungary) ==> the beginning of classical genetics;
    * 1903 chromosomes known to be a unit of genetic inheritance;
    * 1905 British biologist William Bateson Experts mengkoinekan the term 'genetics';
    * 1908 and 1909 Laying the basis of population genetics theory by Weinberg (German physician) and separately by James W. Hardy (English mathematician) ==> the beginning of population genetics;
    * 1910 Thomas Hunt Morgan showed that genes located on chromosomes, using the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) ==> initial cytogenetic;
    * 1913 Alfred Sturtevant makes the first genetic map of a chromosome;
    * 1918 Ronald Fisher (biostatistika experts from the UK) publishes On the correlation the between relatives on the supposition of Mendelian inheritance (freely means "Linkage antarkerabat based on Mendelian inheritance"), which ended the feud between the theory of biometry (Pearson et al.) And the theory of Mendel at once initiate the synthesis of both ==> initial quantitative genetics;
    * 1927 Physical changes in genes are called mutations;
    * 1928 Frederick Griffith discovers a hereditary molecule that is transmissible between bacteria (conjugation);
    * 1931 Crossing over leads to recombination;
    * 1941 Edward Lawrie Tatum and George Wells Beadle show that genes encode proteins, ==> initial central dogma of genetics;
    * 1944 Oswald Theodore Avery, Colin McLeod and Maclyn McCarty isolate DNA as genetic material (they call it the principle of transformation);
    * 1950 Erwin Chargaff shows the existence of general rules that apply to the four nucleotides in nucleic acids, for example, tend to be as much adenine with thymine;
    * 1950 Barbara McClintock discovers transposons in maize;
    * 1952 Hershey and Chase experiment proves the genetic information of phages (and all other organisms) is DNA;
    * 1953 The puzzle of DNA structure is answered by James D. Watson and Francis Crick of the double stranded (double helix), based on images of X-ray diffraction of DNA from Rosalind Franklin ==> initial molecular genetics;
    * 1956 Jo Hin Tjio and Albert Levan established that the human chromosome number 46;
    * 1958 Meselson-Stahl experiment showed that the DNA is duplicated (replicated) is semiconservatively
    * 1961 The genetic code is arranged in triplets;
    * 1964 Howard Temin showed using RNA viruses that Watson's central dogma is not always true;
    * 1970 restriction enzymes found in bacteria Haemophilus influenzae, makes it possible to do the cutting and splicing DNA by the researcher (see also RFLP) ==> the beginning of modern biotechnology;
    * 1977 DNA is sequenced first time by Fred Sanger, Walter Gilbert and Allan Maxam working independently. Tim Sanger successfully sequenced the entire genome of Bacteriophage Φ-X174;, a virus ==> beginning of genomics;
    * 1983 Multiplication (amplification) of DNA can be done easily after Kary Banks Mullis discovered polymerase chain reaction (PCR);
    * 1985 Alec Jeffreys invented genetic fingerprinting.
    * 1989 was first sequenced human gene encoding the CFTR protein cause cystic fibrosis;
    * 1989 Laying a strong foundation for the statistical analysis of quantitative trait loci (QTL analysis);
    * 1995 Sequencing the genome of Haemophilus influenzae, which became the first genome sequencing of a free living organism;
    * 1996 first eukaryote genome sequence: the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae;
    * 1998 The results of the first sequencing of multicellular eukaryotes, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, was announced;
    * 2001 initial draft human genome sequence was released to coincide with the start of the Human Genome Project;
    * 2003 The Human Genome Project (Human Genome Project) completed 99% work on the date (14 April) with an accuracy of 99.99% [1]

[Edit] Branches of Genetics
Genetics develops either as a pure science and applied science. Branches of science are formed mainly as a result of the deepening of a particular aspect of the object of study.
Branches of pure genetics:

    * Molecular genetics
    * Cell genetics (cytogenetics)
    * Population genetics
    Quantitative genetics *
    Developmental genetics *
The branches of applied genetics:

    * Medical genetics
    * Science of breeding
    * Genetically modified or engineered genes
Biotechnology is an applied science that is not directly a branch of genetics but is closely related to developments in the field of genetics.[Edit] Genetics and forth direction (reverse genetics)
Classical genetic studies of symptom phenotype begins (which is invisible to the human observation) and then looked for an explanation genotipiknya up to the level of genes. Development of techniques in molecular genetics quickly and efficiently bring new philosophy in genetics methodology, by reversing the direction of the study. Because many genes already identified the sequence, the insert or change a gene in a chromosome and then look at the implications of phenotypic happen. Analysis techniques that use this philosophy are grouped in the study of genetics and forth direction or reverse genetics, while the techniques of classical genetics studies genetics called direction-forward or forward genetics.

Mikrologi Images

Microbiology is a branch of biology that studies microorganisms. [1] The object of study usually is all beings (life) which needs to be seen with a microscope, especially bacteria, fungi, microscopic algae, protozoa, and Archaea. Viruses are often also included even though not fully be regarded as living beings. [2]
Microbiology began since the invention of the microscope and became a very important field in biology after Louis Pasteur can explain the process of fermenting grapes (wine) and make rabies serum [2] The rapid development of biology in the 19th century particularly experienced in this field and provides a basis for opening Other important fields: biochemistry.

The application of microbiology at present entered various fields and can not be separated from other branches as required also in the fields of pharmacy, medicine, agriculture, nutrition science, chemical engineering, even up to astrobiology and archeology. [1]Table of contents
 [Hide]

    * 1 History of Microbiology
          o 1.1 Era Robert Hooke and Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
          o 1.2 Era Pasteur
          o 1.3 Era Robert Koch
          o 1.4 Era General Microbiology
                + 1.4.1 Martinus Beijerinck and enrichment culture techniques
                + 1.4.2 Kemolitotrofi Sergei Winogradsky and Concepts
    * 2 Modern Microbiology
    * 3 The term is used in anti-microorganism
    * 4 The mechanism of action of an anti-microorganism
    * 5 factors - factors that affect the resistance of microorganisms to the substance - the substance Antimikroorganisme
    * 6 References
    * 7 See also
[Edit] History of MicrobiologyIllustration of the microscope used by Robert Hooke in 1664. The objective lens control lever mounted on the end (G), with a focus on the specimen using a single lens (1)[Edit] Era of Robert Hooke and Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
Robert Hooke (1635-1703) is a mathematician, natural historian, and expert microscopy English origin. [2] In his famous book, Micrographia (1665), Hooke illustrates the structure of the fruit of a type of fungus [2] This is the first description of the microorganisms which was published. [2]Antoni van Leewenhoek face immortalized in stamps in the Netherlands in 1937
The first person to see bacteria is the Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723), a Dutch amateur microscope maker. [2] In 1684, van Leeuwenhoek microscope uses a very small result of his own work to observe a variety of microorganisms in natural materials. [2] Leeuwenhoek's microscopes used a magnifying glass was then shaped bikonveks with a single specimen is placed between the Apertura small corner on the metal barrier. [3] The device is held close to the eye and the objects on the other side of the lens is adjusted to get the focus [3]. With that tool, Leewenhoek obtain an appropriate contrast between the bacteria floating in the background so it can be seen and distinguished clearly [3]. He found the bacteria in the year 1676 while studying the infusion and water pepper (pepper-water infusion). [2] Van Leeuwenhoek reported his find in a letter to the Royal Society of London, published in English in 1684. [2] Illustration van Leewenhoek about the findings of microorganisms known as the "wee animalcules". [2][Edit] The era of PasteurPasteur's experiments Scheme
In years since, many other observations that confirm the results of van Leeuwenhoek's observations, but the increase of understanding the nature and advantages of microorganisms is running very slow until the next 150 years. [2] Recently in the 19th century, ie after the production of microscopes increases rapidly, then human curiosity microorganisms will begin to grow again. [2] Louis Pasteur is widely known for his theory of spontaneous generation, living organisms derived from living organisms as well. [2] The experiments of Pasteur using a sterilized broth and squash goose neck to prove the existence of microorganisms. [2][Edit] Era of Robert Koch
Since the 16th century, has been known that there is a disease-causing agent that can transmit the disease. [2] After its discovery, it is believed that the microorganism is the agent in question, but yet there is never any evidence. [2] Robert Koch (1842-1910) , a German doctor was the first person who invented the concept of the relationship between infectious diseases and microorganisms by including the experimental evidence. [4] [2] The concept raised by Koch is known as Koch's postulates and is now the gold standard determination of infectious diseases. [2][Edit] Era of General Microbiology
General microbiology refers to non-medical aspects of microbiology. [2] The two giants are known in this era is Beijerinck and Winogradsky. [2] The two began aspects of environmental microbiology [5][Edit] Culture Techniques Martinus Beijerinck and enrichment
Martinus Beijerinck (1851-1931) was a Dutch professor who contributed greatly to the enrichment culture techniques. [2] In this technique, microorganisms isolated from the wild and grown in the laboratory by manipulating nutrients and incubation conditions. [2] Using this technique, Beijerinck succeeded in isolating pure cultures of microorganisms various water and soil for the first time. [2][Edit] Sergei Winogradsky and Concepts Kemolitotrofi
Work Sergei Winogradsky (1856-1953), from Russia, similar to that done Beijerinck, but he is steeped bacteria involved in the cycle of nitrogen and sulfur cycles. [2] The concept of the inception kemolitotrofi relating to the relationship between the oxidation of inorganic compounds with energy conservation. [2] By using enrichment techniques, Winogradsky succeeded mengisioalsi nitrogen fixing bacteria, Clostridium pasteurianum which are anaerobic, and as a forerunner to the concept of nitrogen fixation. [2][Edit] Modern MicrobiologyA worker in the lab are observing the growth of bacteria on a petri dish
Entering the 20th century, began to develop two branches of microbiology are still interconnected: microbiological basis (basic) and applied microbiology (applied). [2] refers to the basic microbiology of new discoveries in this field. [2] While referring applied microbiology on aspects of problem solving (problem solving) are associated with this field. [2] Since the discovery of the concept of DNA was then the field enter the era of molecular microbiology. [2] The success of DNA sequencing uncovered phylogenetic relationships (evolutionary) between different types of bacteria. [ 2][Edit] The term is used in anti-microorganism
Bacteriostatic: The ability to inhibit the proliferation of bacteria temporary. [6] So when the substance is not there, the bacteria can multiply re-
Bactericidal: Chemicals that kill the bacteria permanently. [6] Disinfectants: Material - a chemical used to kill pathogenic microorganisms that exist in inanimate objects. [6]
Sterile: Free from the life of pathogenic microorganisms. [7] Septic: The existence of bacterial pathogens in living tissue in a process of infection. [8][Edit] Mechanism of action of an anti-microorganism


   1. Destruction of DNA
   2. Denaturation of proteins
   3. Disturbances in the group Sulfhidirl
   4. Chemical antagonism
   5. destruction of the bacterial cell wall
[Edit] Factors - factors that affect the resistance of microorganisms to the substance - the substance Antimikroorganisme


   1. Elements - Physical elements, which include:
         1. Heat
         2. Irradiation by UV rays
         3. cooling at a standard temperature
   2. Elements - chemical elements, which include:
         1. Alcohol
         2. Heavy metal ions
         3. Detergent
         4. Oxidants

Mikrologi Images

Mikologi Images

Mycology is the branch of science that studies on mushrooms (fungi) - many people also refer to the fungus.

Studies in mycological taxonomy include mushrooms, yeast physiology, biotechnology mushrooms, mushroom cultivation (mushroom culture). Mycological very big influence on fitopatologi because many plant diseases caused by fungi; so ever fitopatologi called applied mycology (Applied Mycology).

Mikologi Images

Mycology is the branch of science that studies on mushrooms (fungi) - many people also refer to the fungus.

Studies in mycological taxonomy include mushrooms, yeast physiology, biotechnology mushrooms, mushroom cultivation (mushroom culture). Mycological very big influence on fitopatologi because many plant diseases caused by fungi; so ever fitopatologi called applied mycology (Applied Mycology).

Botani Images

Botany is one field of study in biology who specializes in studying all aspects of plant biology. Thus, in botany studied all disciplines of biology to study the growth, reproduction, metabolism, growth, interaction with components of biotic and abiotic components, as well as the evolution of plants. People who pursue the field of botany called botanists.

Botani Images

Material Practical Botany and Zoology

Material Practical Botany and Zoology
TIU: Understanding and knowledge of Botany and Zoology mengapikasikan Practical
ICT:1. Mengertahui plants that can be used as food, water Suber, medicine, shelter, cooking facilities and create a fire2. Knowing the plants are dangerous or toxic3. Knowing the benefits of animals as a food source4. mengetahai dangerous animals
Material Material- How to live in the wild by utilizing knowledge of Practical Botany and Zoology.- Practical knowledge of Botany and Zoology in the wild.- Benefits of plants, namely: be consumed as food, drinking water sources, medicinal, cooking facilities, to make fire, and to make shelter (bivouac).- Plants that are dangerous to humans.- The benefits of animals for food and bookmarks to a water source.- Animals which are harmful to humans.
INTRODUCTION
Outdoor activities (KAT) is an activity that is full of challenges and risks. Therefore, the activist should have been equipped with basic knowledge concerning KAT to kelancaaran and success of these activities. As for knowledge, among others, Outdoor Travel Preparation (PPAT), Mountaineering, Navigation Land, Practical Botany and Zoology, and Survival, which are all interrelated.
Knowledge of Practical Botany and Zoology as one of the basic knowledge the KAT is equally important to note that in addition to other knowledge already mentioned above. because it is not always a natural energizer lulled by beautiful things, from time to time activists will be confronted with a mean survival situation threatened the survival of our lives, that is why the knowledge that survival is still something to do with Botany Zoology Practical knowledge is knowledge of basic techniques of living in the wild .
Botany
Definition of Botany is the study of plants, but in this material are discussed only associated with outdoor activities, namely how we can utilize plants to meet our needs, especially on the state of survival.
Utilization of the plant is practically in the field of human interests, can be used as:
a. FoodstuffGuidelines for plants consumed as food in the field:- Plants that are well known and commonly eaten- Fruits that will be eaten and should be applied a bit unknown and awaited dibibir no / no reaction.- There should eat plants and not just one type only.- There should be eaten the young leaves (bud)- When the leaves that will be consumed then it should not be gummy or hairy.- Plants that do not stink.- Plants are eaten by mammals (mammals).- Plants are not to live alone (solitary).- When the fruit is to be consumed the fruits are not colored.- Fruits are purple should not eat for fear of toxic alkaloids
Examples of plants that can be in the consumption- Bulbs Taro (Colocasia sp.), Teki Grass (Cyperus rotondus)- Forest berries (Rubus sp). Passion Fruit (Passiplora guandrangularis), Tribune (Antidesma bunius (L) Spreng).- Young Seed Sengon (Albizia lophata) and Kaliandra (Caliandra Cahartica).- Young leaves Paku Pole (alsophila glauca), watercress (Nasturtium officinale).- Leaf Begonia (Begonia sp.), Bamboo Shoots Bamboo (Bambusa sp.).- Interest Honje or kecombrang (Nicolara sp.) And Interest Turi (Sesbania glandiflora).- Young Forest Banana (Musa sp.) Which can be eaten are: fruit, heart, trunk and head sections in young banana.- Types of edible forest mushrooms and high protein ie Oyster Mushroom (Pleutotus ostratus) and Ear Mushrooms (Auricularia jadae).
b. Drug IngredientsAlready in ancient times humans use plants as medicine. Among others, used as drug fever, headache, toothache, wounds, bitten by poisonous snakes, etc. (See List of Plant Drugs)
c. HavenShould be a refuge (resting) covered with foliage, can prevent a cold deliver directly from the ground, fallen trees can be used as a shelter.
d. Sources of WaterTo get water from the plant can dilakuan by:- Menyelubungkan twigs and leaves with a plastic bag that ends tied, evaporation from the leaves can cause condensation on the inside of the plastic.- Collect dew from the plants by using a cloth.- Taking water from the stems of rattan vines such as by cutting the top and bottom as high as possible close to the ground, the drops of water can be drunk directly.- Taking of water being stored in the leaves of a wide, such as bananas and taro-Pisangan-talasan usually after rain or dew in the morning. At vertebra Bamboo and the sac Semar, preferably filtered and cooked in advance because there are often dead insects and smells.
e. Ingredients To Turn FireOn a damp and wet areas, before a fire, collect Dalu small twigs, dry as the initial ignition of flammable, or by way of slicing as thinly as possible to the existing wood to shreds. To make a fire, it can be done by swiping bamboo with bamboo (dry wood) which is constantly hard and fast (like a sawing motion) until the heat and smoke, keep close sumbur igniter material and frictional heat back to the burning igniter material.
f. Cooking Facilities activities.Facilities in nature that can be used as a means of cooking, such as bamboo or coconut are still young, perforated edges, is used as a cooking container.
Plants are dangerousPlant toxins found in roots, tubers, stems, twigs, leaves, seeds, and feathers (trikoma). These toxins can cause itching in the skin, can cause blindness if exposed to the eye, when it enters the bloodstream can cause poisoning, or may cause us food poisoning through the digestive tract.
The characteristics of toxic plants include:- Have a milky sap, usually toxic to consumed as food.- Fruits that the color is striking, usually toxic to consumed as food.- The leaves have hairs or spines smooth, usually causing itching.- Special to the fungus, the toxic characteristics of the stalk there is a section that resembles the ring, striking color, foul smelling, usually live in dirty places (such as animal waste), if sliced ​​/ cut with a knife leaving a trace of silver stain, if cooked with rice will leave the dark color of the rice around the fungus.
Zoology
Knowledge of important animal activists also known for the wild. Where animals can be utilized in an attempt to increase food ingredients and can be used as a marker to a water source. Therefore it is necessary also to know about about the animals and their lives. Branch of biology that studies on animals is called Zoology. But in this material only discusses the role of wild animals for activists
Animals can be consumed as food, but not before first note that:- In general, animals are cars.- Animal body size varies widely- Animals have a timing pattern of activity, can be active in the daytime or nocturnal.
The things to note about the presence of a type of animal:- Distribution and abundance of local and regoinal population.- Setting physiological, response, structural and behavioral changes in adaptation to changes- Behavior and activity of animals in their habitats.- The changes at regular intervals (daily, seasonal, etc.) from the presence of the activity or abundance of animal populations.- Population dynamics and komonitas as well as patterns of interactions within animal populations and communities.
The role of animal
As a source of food
Things to consider:- Type of animal- The life or their habitats- Size of body- The food- The pattern of animal behavior.
Animals that can be eaten, among others:- Molluscs (shellfish)- Annelids (worms)- Insecta (insects)- Crustacea (crustaceans)- Pisces (fish)- Amphibians (frogs)- Reptilia (reptiles)- Mammalia (mammals)- Aves (the melancholy)
Marker to the source water- Invertebrate animals (vertebrates), which tracks down the valley usually go to the source water.- Birds, if the low-flying directly into the usual source of water and if the stop-stop flight is usually derived from water sources.- Insects, usually live not far from water sources.
ANIMAL IS DANGEROUS AND venomous
Animals can also pose a danger to humans. This can be caused if he feels disturbed and with the tools themselves defenders of the animal is attacked. The type of dangerous and poisonous animals that can be encountered in the open are as follows:
- Malaria mosquito (Anopheles sp.)- Gnats- Fire Ants- Wasps or bees (Apis sp.)- Centipedes (Centripoda)- Scorpion (Heterometrus cyaneus)- Pacet (Haemadipsa zeylanica) and Leech (Hirudineae sp.)- The tiger (Panthera tigris) and Tiger Beetles (Panthera pardus)- Crocodile (Crocodilla pororsus)- Snakes (Ophidia)
Some clues to identify venomous snakes:- Not all venomous snakes head triangular, but the snake is venomous triangular head.- On his back berlunas thus forming the back line from the rear to the tail.- Having glands on the head gear can.- If bitten, leaving bite marks in the form of two holes (dental work).
DRUG PLANTS LISTSeveral plant species commonly found in outdoor / field that can be utilized as a drug, among others:
1. Arbenan (Dechesnea indica)Purpose:- Vomiting Blood: The trick then crushed fresh herbs ± 1 GLS given water mixed with brown sugar to taste and then on the team, strain, after a new cold drink- Cough, Flu / Influenza: Herba simmering water then squeezed and drunk.- Bitten snake or insect: fresh herb pounded creamed and then affixed in place of a sting or a sore spot.2. Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.)Purpose:- Ulcers: Seeds acid until finely crushed salt and given little water is used for plaster boils, then wrapped and replaced 2 times a day.- Sprue: Rinse the mouth with acidic water- Fever: Leaves acid and then crushed lemon water is taken- Arthritis / swollen hit: young leaves are acid and turmeric rhizome finely milled, brewed with a little hot water and then be used to plaster the affected part. Or crushed seedless fruit acids such as porridge and then heated briefly then used to plaster the affected part.- Sprain: fresh leaves washed and then ground smooth like porridge then diturapkan to where the sick.
3. Bandotan (Ageratum longzoldes L.)Purpose:- Fever, malaria and pneumonia (pneumonia): Dried herbs cooked with water and then drink the water 2x a day.- Sprain: bandotan leaves are crushed and then massaged in a hospital or diturapkan on the sick, replaced 2x a day.4. Jackfruit (Arthocarpus heterophyllus)Purpose:- Injury Outside, ulcers: Leaves are crushed into powder and then affixed in place of the sick.- Boils, snake bites: Gum jackfruit affixed on a sore spot.- Constipation: Fruit eaten jackfruit- Fever, Malaria: Wood jackfruit boiled and then drunk.- Diarrhea and fever: Roots boiled and drunk the water.5. Puzzle (Cyperus rotundus)Purpose:- Boils, wounds tepukul, bruising, itching of the skin: Puzzle washed finely ground, then placed on the sick.6. Papaya (Carica papaya L.)Purpose:- Malaria: young, fresh papaya leaves washed, milled until smooth and add ¾ cup cooking water and salt to taste, squeezed, strained and drunk three times daily.- Bitten venomous snakes: 5 finger roots washed papaya, mashed until smooth and add salt to the water mashed up like mush, Turapkan on the bite and dressing change 2x daily.- Heartburn: 1 ripe papaya, peeled, washed with water brine fed cook, eat 2x a day, after eating rice.- Feet elephant: papaya leaves are used cooked to taste the enlarged foot soak.- Burns: the papaya latex rubbed placed on burns to prevent blisters.7. Senggani (Melastoma Candidum)Purpose:- Thrush, diarrhea: two young leaves are washed and rinsed with boiled water, chew and swallow with salt to taste, the fruit is eaten as a cure canker sores.- Neutralize poison cassava: 60 - 90 grams of leaves or roots boiled, and drunk.8. Cloves (Egunia aromatika (L))Purpose:- Stomach pain, heartburn and nausea: how penanggulangannnya is 10 drops of clove oil ¼ cup brewed with hot water added with 1 tablespoon honey, stirring until smooth, while warm drink 2 times a day.- Vomiting due to stomach cold, nausea and tonsils: A few cloves brewed as a tea drink.- Toothache: 10 seed cloves roasted until charred and then milled, and then input into a sore tooth cavity closed with cotton.9. Cucumbers (Cucumus sativus L.)Purpose:- High blood pressure: 2 pieces of cucumber on the scar and then squeeze the juice in the drink.- Fever: washed and then in grated cucumber, grated on kompreskan results in the upper abdomen.
10. Turmeric (Curcuma Longa Linn).Purpose:- Fever, runny nose and nasal congestion: 20 g fresh ginger, washed, grated and add ½ GLS in boiled water then stir and squeeze with a piece of cloth, the juice in the drink 2 times a day, or take a piece of turmeric, sliced ​​to taste, boil with 1 cup water to boiling vapors inhaled through the nostrils are clogged.
11. Galangal (Alpina galanga (L) Willd)Purpose:Eliminate cold, bloating, vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, lack of appetite: 3-6 grams boiled galangal, then water was drunk.12. White lily (L. aciaticum Ctinum)Purpose:- Toothache: lily roots rolled, then placed on the sakiit, or roots boiled with water and then boiling water until the stew dikumur then discarded.- Sprain: daffodil leaves warmed over low heat until wilted and then placed on the sick.- Ulcer, inflammation of skin ulcers, swollen: Leaves and flowers are washed and polished and then added a little honey, then placed on the sick.- Injury due to toxic objects: Daffodil Bulbs washed and then mashed, placed on the wound.- Addressing the waste water that is not smooth: leaves smeared with coconut oil then placed on the bladder area.- Injury caused by toxic objects, bitten by snakes: 50-10 g tubers are washed, crushed, filtered and then the waste water is taken and placed on the wound and then wrapped.Note: Plant daffodils contain toxins, especially in the tuber, use carefully.13. Begonia (Begonia sp.)Purpose:Sore throat: 15 gr begonia tubers are washed and sliced, add 300 cc of water and then mashed, the water used to rinse his mouth.14. Bugenfil (Bougainvilaea Chaicy glabra)Purpose:Ulcer: by flowers and leaves cocor bugenfil duck, cleaned and then crushed and placed on the affected part.15. Sunflowers (Helianthius annus L)Purpose:- Toothache: 60 grams of base rate + 5 grams of ginger in boiled with 600 cc up to 300 cc, then filtered, and then drink while warm.- Stomach pain during the coming period: 30 g sunflower + basic parts brown sugar to taste boiled with enough water, filtered and then the water is drunk.16. Interest Tasbih (Canna indica)Purpose:- Bleeding wounds: purulent inflammation of the skin, acne: fresh ginger root or flower beads to taste crushed then placed on the sick.- Ambein: 30-60 g, root rhizomes boiled with 600 cc of water until the remaining 300 cc, filtered and then drunk.
17. Bungur (Lagerstromia indica L)Purpose:- Migraine or headaches: 30 g of leaves and roots along with 60 grams of cooked beef and eaten- Toothache: 15 gr root Bungur cooked together with chicken or beef until cooked and eaten.
18. Peacock flower (Caesalpina pulcherrima (L))Purpose:- Injuries hit: Flowers crushed and then placed on the sick.- Diseases of the skin: Leaves crushed and then placed on the sick.- Sprue: Leaves of hibiscus peacock boil, filtered water used to rinse out his mouth.- Flatulence: Leaves + reed + garlic finely and then smeared on a bloated stomach- Heat: flower peacock flower boiled then filtered and drunk.- Acute diarrhea: Bark finely ground, brewed with 100 cc of water and drunk warm.Note: Pregnant women taking this medication banned.
19. Four o'clock flower (Mirabilis Jalapa L)Purpose:- Ulcers: crushed leaves added a little salt and placed on boils and wrapped gauze.- Acne: The fruit is made of starch and add just enough water and smeared the face with acne.- Ulceration, wound shock, eczema: fresh herbs to taste crushed then placed on the sick or boiled with enough water, used to wash the affected part.- Tonsillitis, strep throat: four o'clock flower root is cleaned and then blended, then drink the water.
20. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)Keguanan:- Skin sunburn: Young leaves after washed, crushed, wrapped into the burned skin.- Fever: 3 ripe tomatoes are washed and cut into pieces, crushed with ½ cup cooking water and 1 tablespoon honey, squeeze and strain and drink 3 times a day.
21. Jasmine (Jasminum sambac)Purpose:- Wounds, fractures, sprains: The roots are washed and crushed jasmine taste and cooked, then placed on the sick and wrapped with gauze.- Difficult to sleep (insomnia): 1 to 1.5 g of roots washed, milled add enough cooking water, strain and drink.- Inflammation of the red-eye: The flower is washed and boiled some water to drink and used to wash the eyes.- Swelling caused by animal bites: The leaves or flowers sufficiently washed, finely milled, paste into a sore spot.- Fever, headache: 10 g leaves and 10 flowers jasmine, knead, soaked with enough water is water used for mengompres.atau roots are crushed and placed on the forehead.- Worms: 15 g root + 1 aggregated papaya leaves boiled with 600 cc of water until the water boiled and filtered into 300 cc, filtered water to drink warm ..- Shortness of breath: 10 sheets of jasmine leaves boiled with 600 cc of boiled water to boil, wait until the boiled water to 300 cc then give with salt to taste, strain and drink 2x a day as much as 150 cc.Note: pregnant women and in weak condition menkomsumsi prohibited drug.
22. Thistle (Calotropis gigantea).Purpose:- Teeth defective: Gum widuri 3-4 drops with cotton and dilumurkan the teeth are damaged and should not be subject to healthy teeth.- Warts: Gum widuri + whiting smeared on the wart 2 -3 times a day.- Eczema: The sap is applied 2-3 times a day.
23. Alang-alang (Imperata cylindrica)Purpose:- Vomiting blood, nosebleeds: 30 -60 g of fresh roots that have been cleaned, cut into pieces and then boiled with 3 clean water glass until remaining 1 cup, and drink when cool.
24. Spinach burr (Amaranthus spinosus)Purpose:- Sore throat: 45 g of fresh roots washed, boiled, drinking.- Fever: 1 handful of fresh leaves are washed, ground finely and add enough water and compress on the forehead.
25. Sweet star fruit (Averrhoa carambola)Purpose:- Influenza, sore throat: 90 - 120 gr grated fresh star fruit, juice drink water or eat fruit.- Ulcers: fresh leaf sufficiently washed, milled, mixed with rice water, until it becomes dough like mush, paste to place the sick and bandaged.- Malaria: 15 -24 g of dried flowers dengamn brewed with boiling water, taken 2 times a day.
26. Cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescons)Purpose:- Upset stomach: Young leaves and then finely ground whiting mixed with a bit of a pain in the abdomen massaged.- Frostbite: chili skin attached to the affected part.
27. Bitter (Andrographis pariculata)Purpose:- Whooping cough: 3 bay leaves brewed with hot water, mixed with honey to taste drink 3 times a day.- Toothache, middle ear infections, runny nose: 9-15 grams of fresh herbs and drink boiled or crushed and squeezed the water for ear drops.- Bitten venomous snakes: crushed fresh leaves mixed with tobacco (cigarettes) diturapkan at the wound site, 9 -15 grams of fresh leaves, boiled, drunk.- Fever: Pound the leaves and a handful of shots of water, filtered, fresh leaves of bitter drink to compress a hot body.28. Guava (Psidium guajava)Purpose:- Diarrhea: 3 pieces of guava leaves easily chewed with a little salt and then swallowed, consumed 2 times a day, or ground with ½ cup water, then squeezed and drunk.- Bleeding wounds: Fresh leaves are crushed paste on the affected part.
29. Jatropha (Jatropha capcar)Purpose:- Itching, eczema: Leaves are heated over the fire until limp, crumpled to the local usage.- Falling, battered, swollen: fresh leaves washed, then crushed paste on the affected part.- Toothache: Pick a sprig of leaves, the sap is taken and inserted in a cavity of saki.
30. Kale (Ipomoer aquabiza)Purpose:- Food poisoning: 500 - 1000 g of fresh spinach wash and then rinse with water boiled, mashed and squeezed the water, then drink.- Nosebleed: 50 ounces fresh kankung washed and then added the sugar to taste, finely ground and then brewed with hot water after a cold drink and then filtered.- Sleep disorders, constipation: Stems and leaves boiled and eaten as a salad or sauteed.- Body is weak (neurasthenia): Watercress Fresh 1 / 3 handful of leaves, a handheld ¼ root, washed tambhakan finely ground ½ cup cooking water and 1 tablespoon honey squeezed, filtered drink 3 times a day.- Bitten snake: washed fresh spinach, finely ground, squeezed ½ cup water until gathered together to drink wine, the waste is affixed on a sore spot.- Bitten centipede: Swamp Cabbage fresh, after being washed milled add salt to taste until smooth, affixed in place of the sick, and then wrapped.
31. Pacing (Costus speciosus)Purpose:- Bitten snake: The most complete stems washed and finely ground, the waste brine to give the plaster a snake bite wound and then wrapped 2 times a day.- Inflammation of the eye: three fingers most washing crushed stems, squeeze and strain the water for spilled on a sore eye, 3-4 times as much as 2 drops per day.
32. Tree Sig Sag (Pedilanthus tithymaloides)Purpose:- Ulcers, sores, bleeding wounds: Plant fresh washed, milled to a sick bubuhi- Centipedes or centipede bite, swollen hit: Plants are crushed and affixed to a hospital.
33. Pule Pandak (Ranfolvia serpentina)Purpose:- Sore throat: Roots taste in thinly sliced ​​root was sucked like candy- Headache, insomnia, dizziness, fever, inflammation of the gall bladder, wound shock, lack of appetite, abdominal pain: 10 -15 grams of root brewed drink.- Fever influenza: 25 grams of boiled leaves drunk- Injury hit or bitten by a snake: crushed fresh leaves, affixed on a sore spot.- Wounds bleed: Young leaves taste crushed and sprinkled on the sore spot.
34. Bamboo grass (Lophatherum gracile)Purpose:- Fever, restlessness, thirst: 10-15 grams of leaves or roots washed, then boiled, after a cold drink.- Fever, thirst, urine slightly including acute urinary tract infections: 3-9 g of leaves and stems washed and boiled and drunk as tea.- Ulcer in the eyelid (hordeolum), and injuries to the eye cornea: Stems and leaves washed, rinsed with boiled water, finely ground and then squeezed, the juice is used as drops.
35. Sugar-apple (Annona squamosa L.)Purpose:- Ulcers, ulcers are severe: leaf sufficiently after washed until finely ground into pulp, add a little salt, used to plaster the affected part. Water used to wash the leaves godokan dn wound ulcers.- All of a sudden fainting, calming the hysterical disorders: Leaf sufficiently after washed, then crushed or finely ground, the person to smell or squeeze of lemon leaves.- Drug cuts: Leaf sufficiently boiled, the water to wash the wound.
36. Messenger (Piperomis pellucida)Purpose:- Headache: whole plant crushed, pinned to a hospital.- Stomach pain: 30 g fresh herb finely after washing, water to drink juice.

Material Practical Botany and Zoology