Material Practical Botany and Zoology

Material Practical Botany and Zoology
TIU: Understanding and knowledge of Botany and Zoology mengapikasikan Practical
ICT:1. Mengertahui plants that can be used as food, water Suber, medicine, shelter, cooking facilities and create a fire2. Knowing the plants are dangerous or toxic3. Knowing the benefits of animals as a food source4. mengetahai dangerous animals
Material Material- How to live in the wild by utilizing knowledge of Practical Botany and Zoology.- Practical knowledge of Botany and Zoology in the wild.- Benefits of plants, namely: be consumed as food, drinking water sources, medicinal, cooking facilities, to make fire, and to make shelter (bivouac).- Plants that are dangerous to humans.- The benefits of animals for food and bookmarks to a water source.- Animals which are harmful to humans.
INTRODUCTION
Outdoor activities (KAT) is an activity that is full of challenges and risks. Therefore, the activist should have been equipped with basic knowledge concerning KAT to kelancaaran and success of these activities. As for knowledge, among others, Outdoor Travel Preparation (PPAT), Mountaineering, Navigation Land, Practical Botany and Zoology, and Survival, which are all interrelated.
Knowledge of Practical Botany and Zoology as one of the basic knowledge the KAT is equally important to note that in addition to other knowledge already mentioned above. because it is not always a natural energizer lulled by beautiful things, from time to time activists will be confronted with a mean survival situation threatened the survival of our lives, that is why the knowledge that survival is still something to do with Botany Zoology Practical knowledge is knowledge of basic techniques of living in the wild .
Botany
Definition of Botany is the study of plants, but in this material are discussed only associated with outdoor activities, namely how we can utilize plants to meet our needs, especially on the state of survival.
Utilization of the plant is practically in the field of human interests, can be used as:
a. FoodstuffGuidelines for plants consumed as food in the field:- Plants that are well known and commonly eaten- Fruits that will be eaten and should be applied a bit unknown and awaited dibibir no / no reaction.- There should eat plants and not just one type only.- There should be eaten the young leaves (bud)- When the leaves that will be consumed then it should not be gummy or hairy.- Plants that do not stink.- Plants are eaten by mammals (mammals).- Plants are not to live alone (solitary).- When the fruit is to be consumed the fruits are not colored.- Fruits are purple should not eat for fear of toxic alkaloids
Examples of plants that can be in the consumption- Bulbs Taro (Colocasia sp.), Teki Grass (Cyperus rotondus)- Forest berries (Rubus sp). Passion Fruit (Passiplora guandrangularis), Tribune (Antidesma bunius (L) Spreng).- Young Seed Sengon (Albizia lophata) and Kaliandra (Caliandra Cahartica).- Young leaves Paku Pole (alsophila glauca), watercress (Nasturtium officinale).- Leaf Begonia (Begonia sp.), Bamboo Shoots Bamboo (Bambusa sp.).- Interest Honje or kecombrang (Nicolara sp.) And Interest Turi (Sesbania glandiflora).- Young Forest Banana (Musa sp.) Which can be eaten are: fruit, heart, trunk and head sections in young banana.- Types of edible forest mushrooms and high protein ie Oyster Mushroom (Pleutotus ostratus) and Ear Mushrooms (Auricularia jadae).
b. Drug IngredientsAlready in ancient times humans use plants as medicine. Among others, used as drug fever, headache, toothache, wounds, bitten by poisonous snakes, etc. (See List of Plant Drugs)
c. HavenShould be a refuge (resting) covered with foliage, can prevent a cold deliver directly from the ground, fallen trees can be used as a shelter.
d. Sources of WaterTo get water from the plant can dilakuan by:- Menyelubungkan twigs and leaves with a plastic bag that ends tied, evaporation from the leaves can cause condensation on the inside of the plastic.- Collect dew from the plants by using a cloth.- Taking water from the stems of rattan vines such as by cutting the top and bottom as high as possible close to the ground, the drops of water can be drunk directly.- Taking of water being stored in the leaves of a wide, such as bananas and taro-Pisangan-talasan usually after rain or dew in the morning. At vertebra Bamboo and the sac Semar, preferably filtered and cooked in advance because there are often dead insects and smells.
e. Ingredients To Turn FireOn a damp and wet areas, before a fire, collect Dalu small twigs, dry as the initial ignition of flammable, or by way of slicing as thinly as possible to the existing wood to shreds. To make a fire, it can be done by swiping bamboo with bamboo (dry wood) which is constantly hard and fast (like a sawing motion) until the heat and smoke, keep close sumbur igniter material and frictional heat back to the burning igniter material.
f. Cooking Facilities activities.Facilities in nature that can be used as a means of cooking, such as bamboo or coconut are still young, perforated edges, is used as a cooking container.
Plants are dangerousPlant toxins found in roots, tubers, stems, twigs, leaves, seeds, and feathers (trikoma). These toxins can cause itching in the skin, can cause blindness if exposed to the eye, when it enters the bloodstream can cause poisoning, or may cause us food poisoning through the digestive tract.
The characteristics of toxic plants include:- Have a milky sap, usually toxic to consumed as food.- Fruits that the color is striking, usually toxic to consumed as food.- The leaves have hairs or spines smooth, usually causing itching.- Special to the fungus, the toxic characteristics of the stalk there is a section that resembles the ring, striking color, foul smelling, usually live in dirty places (such as animal waste), if sliced ​​/ cut with a knife leaving a trace of silver stain, if cooked with rice will leave the dark color of the rice around the fungus.
Zoology
Knowledge of important animal activists also known for the wild. Where animals can be utilized in an attempt to increase food ingredients and can be used as a marker to a water source. Therefore it is necessary also to know about about the animals and their lives. Branch of biology that studies on animals is called Zoology. But in this material only discusses the role of wild animals for activists
Animals can be consumed as food, but not before first note that:- In general, animals are cars.- Animal body size varies widely- Animals have a timing pattern of activity, can be active in the daytime or nocturnal.
The things to note about the presence of a type of animal:- Distribution and abundance of local and regoinal population.- Setting physiological, response, structural and behavioral changes in adaptation to changes- Behavior and activity of animals in their habitats.- The changes at regular intervals (daily, seasonal, etc.) from the presence of the activity or abundance of animal populations.- Population dynamics and komonitas as well as patterns of interactions within animal populations and communities.
The role of animal
As a source of food
Things to consider:- Type of animal- The life or their habitats- Size of body- The food- The pattern of animal behavior.
Animals that can be eaten, among others:- Molluscs (shellfish)- Annelids (worms)- Insecta (insects)- Crustacea (crustaceans)- Pisces (fish)- Amphibians (frogs)- Reptilia (reptiles)- Mammalia (mammals)- Aves (the melancholy)
Marker to the source water- Invertebrate animals (vertebrates), which tracks down the valley usually go to the source water.- Birds, if the low-flying directly into the usual source of water and if the stop-stop flight is usually derived from water sources.- Insects, usually live not far from water sources.
ANIMAL IS DANGEROUS AND venomous
Animals can also pose a danger to humans. This can be caused if he feels disturbed and with the tools themselves defenders of the animal is attacked. The type of dangerous and poisonous animals that can be encountered in the open are as follows:
- Malaria mosquito (Anopheles sp.)- Gnats- Fire Ants- Wasps or bees (Apis sp.)- Centipedes (Centripoda)- Scorpion (Heterometrus cyaneus)- Pacet (Haemadipsa zeylanica) and Leech (Hirudineae sp.)- The tiger (Panthera tigris) and Tiger Beetles (Panthera pardus)- Crocodile (Crocodilla pororsus)- Snakes (Ophidia)
Some clues to identify venomous snakes:- Not all venomous snakes head triangular, but the snake is venomous triangular head.- On his back berlunas thus forming the back line from the rear to the tail.- Having glands on the head gear can.- If bitten, leaving bite marks in the form of two holes (dental work).
DRUG PLANTS LISTSeveral plant species commonly found in outdoor / field that can be utilized as a drug, among others:
1. Arbenan (Dechesnea indica)Purpose:- Vomiting Blood: The trick then crushed fresh herbs ± 1 GLS given water mixed with brown sugar to taste and then on the team, strain, after a new cold drink- Cough, Flu / Influenza: Herba simmering water then squeezed and drunk.- Bitten snake or insect: fresh herb pounded creamed and then affixed in place of a sting or a sore spot.2. Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.)Purpose:- Ulcers: Seeds acid until finely crushed salt and given little water is used for plaster boils, then wrapped and replaced 2 times a day.- Sprue: Rinse the mouth with acidic water- Fever: Leaves acid and then crushed lemon water is taken- Arthritis / swollen hit: young leaves are acid and turmeric rhizome finely milled, brewed with a little hot water and then be used to plaster the affected part. Or crushed seedless fruit acids such as porridge and then heated briefly then used to plaster the affected part.- Sprain: fresh leaves washed and then ground smooth like porridge then diturapkan to where the sick.
3. Bandotan (Ageratum longzoldes L.)Purpose:- Fever, malaria and pneumonia (pneumonia): Dried herbs cooked with water and then drink the water 2x a day.- Sprain: bandotan leaves are crushed and then massaged in a hospital or diturapkan on the sick, replaced 2x a day.4. Jackfruit (Arthocarpus heterophyllus)Purpose:- Injury Outside, ulcers: Leaves are crushed into powder and then affixed in place of the sick.- Boils, snake bites: Gum jackfruit affixed on a sore spot.- Constipation: Fruit eaten jackfruit- Fever, Malaria: Wood jackfruit boiled and then drunk.- Diarrhea and fever: Roots boiled and drunk the water.5. Puzzle (Cyperus rotundus)Purpose:- Boils, wounds tepukul, bruising, itching of the skin: Puzzle washed finely ground, then placed on the sick.6. Papaya (Carica papaya L.)Purpose:- Malaria: young, fresh papaya leaves washed, milled until smooth and add ¾ cup cooking water and salt to taste, squeezed, strained and drunk three times daily.- Bitten venomous snakes: 5 finger roots washed papaya, mashed until smooth and add salt to the water mashed up like mush, Turapkan on the bite and dressing change 2x daily.- Heartburn: 1 ripe papaya, peeled, washed with water brine fed cook, eat 2x a day, after eating rice.- Feet elephant: papaya leaves are used cooked to taste the enlarged foot soak.- Burns: the papaya latex rubbed placed on burns to prevent blisters.7. Senggani (Melastoma Candidum)Purpose:- Thrush, diarrhea: two young leaves are washed and rinsed with boiled water, chew and swallow with salt to taste, the fruit is eaten as a cure canker sores.- Neutralize poison cassava: 60 - 90 grams of leaves or roots boiled, and drunk.8. Cloves (Egunia aromatika (L))Purpose:- Stomach pain, heartburn and nausea: how penanggulangannnya is 10 drops of clove oil ¼ cup brewed with hot water added with 1 tablespoon honey, stirring until smooth, while warm drink 2 times a day.- Vomiting due to stomach cold, nausea and tonsils: A few cloves brewed as a tea drink.- Toothache: 10 seed cloves roasted until charred and then milled, and then input into a sore tooth cavity closed with cotton.9. Cucumbers (Cucumus sativus L.)Purpose:- High blood pressure: 2 pieces of cucumber on the scar and then squeeze the juice in the drink.- Fever: washed and then in grated cucumber, grated on kompreskan results in the upper abdomen.
10. Turmeric (Curcuma Longa Linn).Purpose:- Fever, runny nose and nasal congestion: 20 g fresh ginger, washed, grated and add ½ GLS in boiled water then stir and squeeze with a piece of cloth, the juice in the drink 2 times a day, or take a piece of turmeric, sliced ​​to taste, boil with 1 cup water to boiling vapors inhaled through the nostrils are clogged.
11. Galangal (Alpina galanga (L) Willd)Purpose:Eliminate cold, bloating, vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, lack of appetite: 3-6 grams boiled galangal, then water was drunk.12. White lily (L. aciaticum Ctinum)Purpose:- Toothache: lily roots rolled, then placed on the sakiit, or roots boiled with water and then boiling water until the stew dikumur then discarded.- Sprain: daffodil leaves warmed over low heat until wilted and then placed on the sick.- Ulcer, inflammation of skin ulcers, swollen: Leaves and flowers are washed and polished and then added a little honey, then placed on the sick.- Injury due to toxic objects: Daffodil Bulbs washed and then mashed, placed on the wound.- Addressing the waste water that is not smooth: leaves smeared with coconut oil then placed on the bladder area.- Injury caused by toxic objects, bitten by snakes: 50-10 g tubers are washed, crushed, filtered and then the waste water is taken and placed on the wound and then wrapped.Note: Plant daffodils contain toxins, especially in the tuber, use carefully.13. Begonia (Begonia sp.)Purpose:Sore throat: 15 gr begonia tubers are washed and sliced, add 300 cc of water and then mashed, the water used to rinse his mouth.14. Bugenfil (Bougainvilaea Chaicy glabra)Purpose:Ulcer: by flowers and leaves cocor bugenfil duck, cleaned and then crushed and placed on the affected part.15. Sunflowers (Helianthius annus L)Purpose:- Toothache: 60 grams of base rate + 5 grams of ginger in boiled with 600 cc up to 300 cc, then filtered, and then drink while warm.- Stomach pain during the coming period: 30 g sunflower + basic parts brown sugar to taste boiled with enough water, filtered and then the water is drunk.16. Interest Tasbih (Canna indica)Purpose:- Bleeding wounds: purulent inflammation of the skin, acne: fresh ginger root or flower beads to taste crushed then placed on the sick.- Ambein: 30-60 g, root rhizomes boiled with 600 cc of water until the remaining 300 cc, filtered and then drunk.
17. Bungur (Lagerstromia indica L)Purpose:- Migraine or headaches: 30 g of leaves and roots along with 60 grams of cooked beef and eaten- Toothache: 15 gr root Bungur cooked together with chicken or beef until cooked and eaten.
18. Peacock flower (Caesalpina pulcherrima (L))Purpose:- Injuries hit: Flowers crushed and then placed on the sick.- Diseases of the skin: Leaves crushed and then placed on the sick.- Sprue: Leaves of hibiscus peacock boil, filtered water used to rinse out his mouth.- Flatulence: Leaves + reed + garlic finely and then smeared on a bloated stomach- Heat: flower peacock flower boiled then filtered and drunk.- Acute diarrhea: Bark finely ground, brewed with 100 cc of water and drunk warm.Note: Pregnant women taking this medication banned.
19. Four o'clock flower (Mirabilis Jalapa L)Purpose:- Ulcers: crushed leaves added a little salt and placed on boils and wrapped gauze.- Acne: The fruit is made of starch and add just enough water and smeared the face with acne.- Ulceration, wound shock, eczema: fresh herbs to taste crushed then placed on the sick or boiled with enough water, used to wash the affected part.- Tonsillitis, strep throat: four o'clock flower root is cleaned and then blended, then drink the water.
20. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)Keguanan:- Skin sunburn: Young leaves after washed, crushed, wrapped into the burned skin.- Fever: 3 ripe tomatoes are washed and cut into pieces, crushed with ½ cup cooking water and 1 tablespoon honey, squeeze and strain and drink 3 times a day.
21. Jasmine (Jasminum sambac)Purpose:- Wounds, fractures, sprains: The roots are washed and crushed jasmine taste and cooked, then placed on the sick and wrapped with gauze.- Difficult to sleep (insomnia): 1 to 1.5 g of roots washed, milled add enough cooking water, strain and drink.- Inflammation of the red-eye: The flower is washed and boiled some water to drink and used to wash the eyes.- Swelling caused by animal bites: The leaves or flowers sufficiently washed, finely milled, paste into a sore spot.- Fever, headache: 10 g leaves and 10 flowers jasmine, knead, soaked with enough water is water used for mengompres.atau roots are crushed and placed on the forehead.- Worms: 15 g root + 1 aggregated papaya leaves boiled with 600 cc of water until the water boiled and filtered into 300 cc, filtered water to drink warm ..- Shortness of breath: 10 sheets of jasmine leaves boiled with 600 cc of boiled water to boil, wait until the boiled water to 300 cc then give with salt to taste, strain and drink 2x a day as much as 150 cc.Note: pregnant women and in weak condition menkomsumsi prohibited drug.
22. Thistle (Calotropis gigantea).Purpose:- Teeth defective: Gum widuri 3-4 drops with cotton and dilumurkan the teeth are damaged and should not be subject to healthy teeth.- Warts: Gum widuri + whiting smeared on the wart 2 -3 times a day.- Eczema: The sap is applied 2-3 times a day.
23. Alang-alang (Imperata cylindrica)Purpose:- Vomiting blood, nosebleeds: 30 -60 g of fresh roots that have been cleaned, cut into pieces and then boiled with 3 clean water glass until remaining 1 cup, and drink when cool.
24. Spinach burr (Amaranthus spinosus)Purpose:- Sore throat: 45 g of fresh roots washed, boiled, drinking.- Fever: 1 handful of fresh leaves are washed, ground finely and add enough water and compress on the forehead.
25. Sweet star fruit (Averrhoa carambola)Purpose:- Influenza, sore throat: 90 - 120 gr grated fresh star fruit, juice drink water or eat fruit.- Ulcers: fresh leaf sufficiently washed, milled, mixed with rice water, until it becomes dough like mush, paste to place the sick and bandaged.- Malaria: 15 -24 g of dried flowers dengamn brewed with boiling water, taken 2 times a day.
26. Cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescons)Purpose:- Upset stomach: Young leaves and then finely ground whiting mixed with a bit of a pain in the abdomen massaged.- Frostbite: chili skin attached to the affected part.
27. Bitter (Andrographis pariculata)Purpose:- Whooping cough: 3 bay leaves brewed with hot water, mixed with honey to taste drink 3 times a day.- Toothache, middle ear infections, runny nose: 9-15 grams of fresh herbs and drink boiled or crushed and squeezed the water for ear drops.- Bitten venomous snakes: crushed fresh leaves mixed with tobacco (cigarettes) diturapkan at the wound site, 9 -15 grams of fresh leaves, boiled, drunk.- Fever: Pound the leaves and a handful of shots of water, filtered, fresh leaves of bitter drink to compress a hot body.28. Guava (Psidium guajava)Purpose:- Diarrhea: 3 pieces of guava leaves easily chewed with a little salt and then swallowed, consumed 2 times a day, or ground with ½ cup water, then squeezed and drunk.- Bleeding wounds: Fresh leaves are crushed paste on the affected part.
29. Jatropha (Jatropha capcar)Purpose:- Itching, eczema: Leaves are heated over the fire until limp, crumpled to the local usage.- Falling, battered, swollen: fresh leaves washed, then crushed paste on the affected part.- Toothache: Pick a sprig of leaves, the sap is taken and inserted in a cavity of saki.
30. Kale (Ipomoer aquabiza)Purpose:- Food poisoning: 500 - 1000 g of fresh spinach wash and then rinse with water boiled, mashed and squeezed the water, then drink.- Nosebleed: 50 ounces fresh kankung washed and then added the sugar to taste, finely ground and then brewed with hot water after a cold drink and then filtered.- Sleep disorders, constipation: Stems and leaves boiled and eaten as a salad or sauteed.- Body is weak (neurasthenia): Watercress Fresh 1 / 3 handful of leaves, a handheld ¼ root, washed tambhakan finely ground ½ cup cooking water and 1 tablespoon honey squeezed, filtered drink 3 times a day.- Bitten snake: washed fresh spinach, finely ground, squeezed ½ cup water until gathered together to drink wine, the waste is affixed on a sore spot.- Bitten centipede: Swamp Cabbage fresh, after being washed milled add salt to taste until smooth, affixed in place of the sick, and then wrapped.
31. Pacing (Costus speciosus)Purpose:- Bitten snake: The most complete stems washed and finely ground, the waste brine to give the plaster a snake bite wound and then wrapped 2 times a day.- Inflammation of the eye: three fingers most washing crushed stems, squeeze and strain the water for spilled on a sore eye, 3-4 times as much as 2 drops per day.
32. Tree Sig Sag (Pedilanthus tithymaloides)Purpose:- Ulcers, sores, bleeding wounds: Plant fresh washed, milled to a sick bubuhi- Centipedes or centipede bite, swollen hit: Plants are crushed and affixed to a hospital.
33. Pule Pandak (Ranfolvia serpentina)Purpose:- Sore throat: Roots taste in thinly sliced ​​root was sucked like candy- Headache, insomnia, dizziness, fever, inflammation of the gall bladder, wound shock, lack of appetite, abdominal pain: 10 -15 grams of root brewed drink.- Fever influenza: 25 grams of boiled leaves drunk- Injury hit or bitten by a snake: crushed fresh leaves, affixed on a sore spot.- Wounds bleed: Young leaves taste crushed and sprinkled on the sore spot.
34. Bamboo grass (Lophatherum gracile)Purpose:- Fever, restlessness, thirst: 10-15 grams of leaves or roots washed, then boiled, after a cold drink.- Fever, thirst, urine slightly including acute urinary tract infections: 3-9 g of leaves and stems washed and boiled and drunk as tea.- Ulcer in the eyelid (hordeolum), and injuries to the eye cornea: Stems and leaves washed, rinsed with boiled water, finely ground and then squeezed, the juice is used as drops.
35. Sugar-apple (Annona squamosa L.)Purpose:- Ulcers, ulcers are severe: leaf sufficiently after washed until finely ground into pulp, add a little salt, used to plaster the affected part. Water used to wash the leaves godokan dn wound ulcers.- All of a sudden fainting, calming the hysterical disorders: Leaf sufficiently after washed, then crushed or finely ground, the person to smell or squeeze of lemon leaves.- Drug cuts: Leaf sufficiently boiled, the water to wash the wound.
36. Messenger (Piperomis pellucida)Purpose:- Headache: whole plant crushed, pinned to a hospital.- Stomach pain: 30 g fresh herb finely after washing, water to drink juice.

Material Practical Botany and Zoology